Physics Undergraduate Publishes in the Astrophysical Journal

McMicken Department of Physics undergraduate student Kevin Wagner’s research from the past two years will be featured in an article in the Astrophysical Journal, one of the top 25 scientific journals in the world. 

Wagner is the lead author of the paper titled “Variability Of Disk Emission In Pre-Main Sequence And Related Stars. III. Exploring Structural Changes in the Pre-transitional Disk in HD 169142.” For the past two years, Wagner has been completing research in astrophysics by studying the properties of young stars during the time that planets ought to be forming from the remnant material still surrounding the star. It is now believed that most stars have planets, as these planets form, they sweep up material from the disk which they are created from, opening up a gap in the disk.  

Wagner has been investigating the structure of the disks in young stars with evidence of such a gap, in particular the star HD 169142, about 470 light-years from the Earth, in the constellation of Sagittarius. Wagner’s work on this star began in July 2013 with his advisor, physics Professor Michael Sitko, and colleague Ray Russell from The Aerospace Corp. Wagner helped obtain spectra of the star using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. After carefully calibrating the spectra, Wagner combined them with data obtained by a vast array of astronomical facilities including the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes, the Infrared Space Observatory and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. 

The next phase of Wagner’s work required detailed theoretical modeling of the disk system in order to reproduce the brightness of the system from ultraviolet to millimeter wavelengths and to generate computed images of the disk that could be compared with recent images obtained with state-of-the-art astronomical instruments. This two-pronged approach is necessary in order to be able to explain all of the existing information astronomers have about the disks.

To do this Wagner made computational models to do “Monte Carlo” radioactive transfer calculations of the disk structure and its interaction with the light from the star. In these simulations, individual “photons” are followed as they leave the star and interact with the disk. With enough of these photons, both the spectrum and an image can be gradually built up. For high-quality images, over a billion such calculations are required. 

The star HD 169142 was chosen for this work because data obtained over the past decade showed that the structure of the disk had changed during that time. Wagner’s work determined how the structure must have changed to explain this difference.  Whether these changes are due to the gravitational influence of the planets that are likely present is not yet known. Research shows that such dynamical effects are likely present in all young planetary systems and that included our own when it was only a few million years old.

Wagner presented his preliminary work in January 2014 at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Washington, DC, and will show the completed work at the 2015 meeting in Seattle, Wash.