Genital Complexities Give Mating Advantage, Research Suggests

Charles Darwin spent eight years studying barnacles and their genitalia. In much less time than that,

University of Cincinnati evolutionary biologist Michal Polak

(and co-author Arash Rashed, now at the University of California, Berkeley) have confirmed one of Darwin’s theories: that genitalia complexities in some species have developed because they assist the male in “holding her securely.”

As just published online in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, “Microscale Laser Surgery Reveals Adaptive Function of Male Intromittent Genitalia” Polak’s research showed that without a doubt among the fruit fly species Drosophila bipectinata Duda, the males’ penile peculiarities assisted them in copulation.

Polak, an associate professor in the Department of Biological Sciences in McMicken College of Arts and Sciences at UC, used a laser ablation technique to cut off tiny “intromittent” spines on the genitalia of virgin male D. bipectinata fruit flies.

“We refer to these genital spines as intromittent because they insert [them] into female external genitalia during copulation, and not because they insert into the reproductive tract,” Polak and Rashed explain in their paper.

Polak’s study concluded that the male genital spines serve two functions. When the spines were removed, the males experienced drastic reductions in ability to copulate and ability to compete against rival males for mates. However, if the males were able to copulate, they found that insemination and fertilization rates were not significantly different.

They’re not done yet, says Polak.

“We are using the laser for a variety of projects, including to surgically excise other genital traits and the tiny but elaborate male sex ‘combs’ used in courtship, and to study their adaptive function in sexual selection.”

This research was partially supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) USA (grant DEB-0345990).

Music by Ivan Chew / CC BY-NC 3.0

Read more about it:

“Microscale laser surgery reveals adaptive function of male intromittent genitalia,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B


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