Where there’s a war, there’s a way: Women storm the workforce

The traditional battle between the sexes was anything but uniform in the war years. One GI ran as a candidate for UC freshman queen in 1943 and won the election, and overall, women found themselves summarily promoted. As a war-emergency measure, two-year certificate programs began on the co-op basis in the College of Engineering and Commerce. And for the first time ever, women were admitted into all engineering courses and programs.

While saving bacon grease to make explosives and planting victory gardens, women by the millions — six million to be exact — responded to the call as Red Cross volunteers, pilots and even spies.  But most filled the ranks as laborers on the assembly line, soldiering on in the pitched industrial battle between Allies and Axis. Co-op employers balked at first, but eventually began hiring women in greater numbers for production positions. For instance, in 1943, the Frigidaire Company of Dayton employed its first UC woman co-op as a test case. By October 1944, a total of eight women co-ops were with the company, then producing aircraft propellers and machine guns in lieu of refrigerators.

And co-op made the difference in preparing UC women students to competently take on manufacturing jobs. So recalls 1942 business graduate Florence Endebrock Schroeder.  At the time of her graduation, Schroeder wrote in a campus publication, “The co-ops have been able to adapt themselves to war industries more easily and have been better trained to begin immediate production due to their cooperative work.” She then went on to prove her point by going to work, first for Carnegie Illinois Steel Corp. in Pittsburgh and then for Wright Aeronautical Corporation, one of the nation’s largest World War II employers (and a co-op employer), manufacturer of tens of thousands of aircraft engines.