danger
in the tap

T he problem with lead is that it’s so hard to detect.

The heavy metal is found in everything from paints and ammunition to car batteries and antique toys. Malleable, cheap and abundant, lead was a favorite material for pipes and plumbing fittings dating back to the Roman Empire. But it’s also toxic, so toxic that exposure can cause lifelong cognitive and neurological impairments in children.

“Lead toxicity has been known since the 1700s. This problem has plagued us for two centuries. Why don’t we have a solution?” asks Noe Alvarez, a professor at the University of Cincinnati.

Alvarez isn’t a toxicologist. He’s a chemist who works closely with UC’s chemical engineers. Naturally, he thinks of lead in drinking water as a problem that needs a chemical engineering solution.

Alvarez and his colleagues are using nanotechnology to develop a new household appliance, a continuous water monitor that will alert users if lead or other heavy metals are in their tap water.

“I don’t want to scare people but it is scary, especially for young children,” Alvarez says. “Lead affects the developing brains of children. The impact on society is huge. It’s heartbreaking.”

The recent water crisis in Flint, Michigan, demonstrated how dangerous lead can be when a change in service inadvertently corroded miles of pipes and exposed 100,000 people to toxic lead in their faucets.

“It’s a problem for our whole society,” Alvarez says.

He is using carbon nanotubes in his lab that are 1,000 times smaller in diameter than a human hair to identify and measure lead and other heavy metal toxins such as mercury and cadmium in water. Ultimately, his goal is a simple detection system that would attach to a faucet and indicate when the water is safe. Armed with this device, parents could run the faucet until the water is clean again or decide whether to replace plumbing responsible for the contamination.

People have known for centuries that lead is dangerous. Ben Franklin even penned a letter in 1786 identifying the “mischievous effects” of lead paint and the dangers to workers in his lead typesetting industry.

More recently, within the past 20 years, doctors have discovered that even mild lead exposure can impair a child’s cognitive development. Health officials once considered anything higher than 10 micrograms per deciliter of blood to be of concern. They narrowed that standard to 5 micrograms in 2012 and are now pushing to reduce it even further — to 3.5 micrograms.

The power of nanotubes lies in their sensitivity, UC assistant professor Kolade Ojo says. They have a large surface area, are highly conductive and can measure a wide spectrum of change, which makes them perfect for sensors.

“This research is so exciting for me,” Ojo says. “The goal here is improving the lives of children. Most people don’t even know when their children have been exposed to lead.”

The Environmental Protection Agency considers anything higher than 15 parts per billion to be unsafe for consumption in public drinking water. UC’s sensors are so sensitive they can measure lead concentrations as low as 1.7 parts per billion.

“You want to go as low as possible so that even the smallest concentrations of lead in water are detected by sensors. That’s the goal,” Ojo says.

“Lead attacks the central nervous system, leading to behavioral, cognitive and neurological issues,” Dietrich says. “We have found that lead impacts parts of the brain associated with judgment, emotional regulation, and self-monitoring — or what neuropsychologists call ‘the executive functions.’”

Lead-based paint in older homes and businesses is by far the biggest culprit of lead contamination, both in Ohio and across the United States, Dietrich says. Parents can limit the harmful effects of lead by feeding their children a diet rich in iron, calcium and vitamin C, which can prevent their bodies from absorbing the heavy metal.

“There is no reason to believe children who are poisoned with lead cannot improve,” he says.

The Greater Cincinnati Water Works identifies every known lead water pipe in an online searchable map, marking each property with color-coded boxes: yellow for lead pipes and green for none. Some older neighborhoods in Cincinnati look like they’re covered in lemon confetti.

“Lead has a lot of great characteristics for plumbing. It bends. It’s inert. It doesn’t corrode. But toxicity is its major downfall,” says Jeff Swertfeger, water quality superintendent for the Cincinnati utility.

A home warning system like the one UC is developing would be hugely beneficial in helping parents prevent lead exposure, Swertfeger says.

“Absolutely, having a sensor would give people peace of mind,” Swertfeger says. “And having that real-time information about lead in the water also would help us understand the risk in our community so we would know where we should invest limited resources to attack the problem.”